Hormone replacement therapy is a common treatment for menopause-related symptoms, and new research from the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health (Pittsburgh, USA) reinforces the importance of tailoring hormone therapy to each patient, based on her individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
In a study published recently in the Journal of the American Heart Association, Pitt researchers showed for the first time that hormone replacement therapy affects the accumulation of heart fat—a new risk factor for cardiovascular disease in midlife women. Importantly, they found that the formulation and delivery route of hormones—whether as a pill taken orally or a patch placed on the skin—mattered when it came to the types of fat deposits women developed and whether those fat deposits translated to hardening of the arteries.
“We cannot treat all menopause hormone therapy types the same,” said study lead author Samar El Khoudary, associate professor of Epidemiology at Pitt Public Health. “We are adding to the recognised list of cardiovascular-related effects of menopause hormone therapy by showing a novel cardiovascular risk factor that’s specific to menopausal women also is affected by hormone therapy.”
Menopause commonly comes with a host of challenges—including hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness and increased risk of osteoporosis—and hormone therapy is the primary treatment.
The researchers used data from 474 healthy women ages 42 through 58 enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS), which was a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the effects of oral conjugated equine oestrogens and transdermal 17-beta estradiol on atherosclerosis progression. Participants enrolled between 2005 and 2008 and were followed for four years.
“The KEEPS trial is unique because it focuses on younger women close to the onset of menopause, and tested both a pill and patch formulation of menopausal hormone therapy,” said study coauthor JoAnn Manson, physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Boston, USA). “This allowed us to see the effects of different types of hormone therapy and whether the route of delivery—oral or through the skin—affected heart health in otherwise healthy women.”
An earlier study from El Khoudary’s group showed that postmenopausal women with lower serum oestrogen levels had a greater volume of paracardial fat—meaning fat that accumulates outside the pericardium—and also higher rates of coronary artery calcification, compared to premenopausal women.
El Khoudary and her team hypothesised that menopause hormone therapy would be protective against heart fat accumulation, but what they found was not so simple. The type of hormone therapy and route of administration mattered.
The transdermal estradiol patch—generally considered to be safer—compounded the harmful effects of paracardial fat deposition on coronary artery calcification (CAC) progression. In contrast, women on the oestrogen pill were less likely to see increases in heart fat in the epicardial space immediately surrounding the heart or worsening CAC.
“That was surprising,” El Khoudary said. “The patch is thought to be safer because it is not systemic, just topical, and it does not have an impact on inflammation or triglyceride levels like oral hormones.”
El Khoudary cautions against making generalisations about oral versus transdermal hormone delivery or extending these findings to other treatments or patient groups. Still, she hopes clinicians will take these findings into account when treating healthy menopausal women with the drugs used in the study.
“Many clinical guidelines recommend consideration of transdermal estradiol as a first line treatment for hormone therapy because it is associated with less risk for blood clot events compared to oral conjugated oestrogen,” said study coauthor Nanette Santoro, professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Colorado (Boulder, USA). “This study makes us think twice about that recommendation and reminds us that there is more complexity to the story of how or whether menopausal hormones protect women against heart disease later in life or increase their risk.”
Additional authors on the study include Qian Zhao, Vidya Benugopal, and Maria Brooks, of Pitt; Dennis Black and Marcelle Cedars, of the University of California (San Francisco, USA); Mitchell Harman of Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System (Phoenix, USA); Paul Hopkins of the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, USA); Ann Kearns and Virginia Miller, of the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, USA); Hugh Taylor of Yale University (New Haven, USA); and Matthew Budoff of the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (Los Angeles, USA).
This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Mayo Foundation, Aurora Foundation and Pfizer. Bayer and Abbott provided study medications. These sponsors had no input into the design or conduct of the study or into the writing of the manuscript.
